Oracle PL/SQL/Analytical Functions/Start With

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start connect by

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SQL> SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,

 2                    ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
 3                    JOB VARCHAR2(9),
 4                    MGR NUMBER(4),
 5                    HIREDATE DATE,
 6                    SAL NUMBER(7, 2),
 7                    COMM NUMBER(7, 2),
 8                    DEPTNO NUMBER(2));

Table created. SQL> SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7369, "SMITH", "CLERK", 7902, TO_DATE("17-DEC-1980", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 800, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7499, "ALLEN", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("20-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1600, 300, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7521, "WARD", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("22-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 500, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7566, "JONES", "MANAGER", 7839, TO_DATE("2-APR-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2975, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7654, "MARTIN", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("28-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 1400, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7698, "BLAKE", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("1-MAY-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2850, NULL, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7782, "CLARK", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("9-JUN-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2450, NULL, 10); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7788, "SCOTT", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("09-DEC-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7839, "KING", "PRESIDENT", NULL,TO_DATE("17-NOV-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 5000, NULL, 10); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7844, "TURNER", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("8-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1500, 0, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7876, "ADAMS", "CLERK", 7788,TO_DATE("12-JAN-1983", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1100, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7900, "JAMES", "CLERK", 7698,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 950, NULL, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7902, "FORD", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7934, "MILLER", "CLERK", 7782,TO_DATE("23-JAN-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1300, NULL, 10); 1 row created. SQL> SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER(2),DNAME VARCHAR2(14),LOC VARCHAR2(13) ); Table created. SQL> SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (10, "ACCOUNTING", "NEW YORK"); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (20, "RESEARCH", "DALLAS"); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (30, "SALES", "CHICAGO"); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (40, "OPERATIONS", "BOSTON"); 1 row created. SQL> SQL> SQL> select lpad( " ", (level-1)*2, " " ) || ename ename

 2         from emp
 3        start with ename = "JONES" or ename = "SCOTT"
 4      connect by prior empno = mgr
 5      /

ENAME


SCOTT

 ADAMS

JONES

 SCOTT
   ADAMS
 FORD
   SMITH

7 rows selected. SQL> SQL> drop table emp cascade constraints; Table dropped. SQL> drop table dept cascade constraints; Table dropped. SQL>

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start with column is null

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SQL> SQL> SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,

 2                    ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
 3                    JOB VARCHAR2(9),
 4                    MGR NUMBER(4),
 5                    HIREDATE DATE,
 6                    SAL NUMBER(7, 2),
 7                    COMM NUMBER(7, 2),
 8                    DEPTNO NUMBER(2));

Table created. SQL> SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7369, "SMITH", "CLERK", 7902, TO_DATE("17-DEC-1980", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 800, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7499, "ALLEN", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("20-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1600, 300, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7521, "WARD", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("22-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 500, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7566, "JONES", "MANAGER", 7839, TO_DATE("2-APR-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2975, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7654, "MARTIN", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("28-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 1400, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7698, "BLAKE", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("1-MAY-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2850, NULL, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7782, "CLARK", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("9-JUN-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2450, NULL, 10); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7788, "SCOTT", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("09-DEC-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7839, "KING", "PRESIDENT", NULL,TO_DATE("17-NOV-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 5000, NULL, 10); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7844, "TURNER", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("8-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1500, 0, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7876, "ADAMS", "CLERK", 7788,TO_DATE("12-JAN-1983", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1100, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7900, "JAMES", "CLERK", 7698,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 950, NULL, 30); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7902, "FORD", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7934, "MILLER", "CLERK", 7782,TO_DATE("23-JAN-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1300, NULL, 10); 1 row created. SQL> SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER(2),DNAME VARCHAR2(14),LOC VARCHAR2(13) ); Table created. SQL> SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (10, "ACCOUNTING", "NEW YORK"); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (20, "RESEARCH", "DALLAS"); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (30, "SALES", "CHICAGO"); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (40, "OPERATIONS", "BOSTON"); 1 row created. SQL> SQL> SQL> column empname format a15 SQL> select lpad( ".", 2*level, "." ) || e.ename empname,

 2           d.dname, e.job
 3      from emp e, dept d
 4     where e.deptno = d.deptno
 5     start with e.mgr is null
 6     connect by prior e.empno = e.mgr
 7    /

EMPNAME DNAME JOB


-------------- ---------

..KING ACCOUNTING PRESIDENT ....JONES RESEARCH MANAGER ......SCOTT RESEARCH ANALYST ........ADAMS RESEARCH CLERK ......FORD RESEARCH ANALYST ........SMITH RESEARCH CLERK ....BLAKE SALES MANAGER ......ALLEN SALES SALESMAN ......WARD SALES SALESMAN ......MARTIN SALES SALESMAN ......TURNER SALES SALESMAN ......JAMES SALES CLERK ....CLARK ACCOUNTING MANAGER ......MILLER ACCOUNTING CLERK 14 rows selected. SQL> SQL> drop table emp; Table dropped. SQL> drop table dept; Table dropped. SQL> SQL> SQL> --

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START WITH mgr is null CONNECT BY NOCYCLE PRIOR empno = mgr

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SQL> SQL> create table emp

 2  ( empno      NUMBER(4)    constraint E_PK primary key
 3  , ename      VARCHAR2(8)
 4  , init       VARCHAR2(5)
 5  , job        VARCHAR2(8)
 6  , mgr        NUMBER(4)
 7  , bdate      DATE
 8  , sal       NUMBER(6,2)
 9  , comm       NUMBER(6,2)
10  , deptno     NUMBER(2)    default 10
11  ) ;

Table created. SQL> insert into emp values(1,"Tom","N", "TRAINER", 13,date "1965-12-17", 800 , NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(2,"Jack","JAM", "Tester",6,date "1961-02-20", 1600, 300, 30); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(3,"Wil","TF" , "Tester",6,date "1962-02-22", 1250, 500, 30); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(4,"Jane","JM", "Designer", 9,date "1967-04-02", 2975, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(5,"Mary","P", "Tester",6,date "1956-09-28", 1250, 1400, 30); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(6,"Black","R", "Designer", 9,date "1963-11-01", 2850, NULL, 30); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(7,"Chris","AB", "Designer", 9,date "1965-06-09", 2450, NULL, 10); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(8,"Smart","SCJ", "TRAINER", 4,date "1959-11-26", 3000, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(9,"Peter","CC", "Designer",NULL,date "1952-11-17", 5000, NULL, 10); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(10,"Take","JJ", "Tester",6,date "1968-09-28", 1500, 0, 30); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(11,"Ana","AA", "TRAINER", 8,date "1966-12-30", 1100, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(12,"Jane","R", "Manager", 6,date "1969-12-03", 800 , NULL, 30); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(13,"Fake","MG", "TRAINER", 4,date "1959-02-13", 3000, NULL, 20); 1 row created. SQL> insert into emp values(14,"Mike","TJA","Manager", 7,date "1962-01-23", 1300, NULL, 10); 1 row created. SQL> SQL> select ename, LEVEL

 2  from    emp
 3  START   WITH mgr is null
 4  CONNECT BY NOCYCLE PRIOR empno = mgr;

ENAME LEVEL


----------

Peter 1 Jane 2 Smart 3 Ana 4 Fake 3 Tom 4 Black 2 Jack 3 Wil 3 Mary 3 Take 3 Jane 3 Chris 2 Mike 3 14 rows selected. SQL> SQL> SQL> drop table emp; Table dropped.



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