SQL Server/T-SQL Tutorial/Constraints/Constraints
Содержание
Constraints
<source lang="sql">
Constraints are used by SQL Server to enforce column data integrity. Both primary and foreign keys are forms of constraints. Other forms of constraints used for a column include: UNIQUE constraints enforce uniqueness within a table on non-primary key columns. DEFAULT constraints can be used when you do not know the value of a column in a row when it is first inserted into a table. CHECK constraints are used to define the data format and values allowed for a column.</source>
Disable checking on all constraints
<source lang="sql">
3> 4> CREATE TABLE employee( 5> id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, 6> first_name VARCHAR(10), 7> last_name VARCHAR(10), 8> salary DECIMAL(10,2), 9> start_Date DATETIME, 10> region VARCHAR(10), 11> city VARCHAR(20), 12> managerid INTEGER 13> ); 14> GO 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (1, "Jason" , "Martin", 5890,"2005-03-22","North","Vancouver",3); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (2, "Alison", "Mathews",4789,"2003-07-21","South","Utown",4); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (3, "James" , "Smith", 6678,"2001-12-01","North","Paris",5); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (4, "Celia" , "Rice", 5567,"2006-03-03","South","London",6); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (5, "Robert", "Black", 4467,"2004-07-02","East","Newton",7); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (6, "Linda" , "Green" , 6456,"2002-05-19","East","Calgary",8); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (7, "David" , "Larry", 5345,"2008-03-18","West","New York",9); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (8, "James" , "Cat", 4234,"2007-07-17","West","Regina",9); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (9, "Joan" , "Act", 6123,"2001-04-16","North","Toronto",10); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> 2> select * from employee; 3> GO id first_name last_name salary start_Date region city managerid
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1 Jason Martin 5890.00 2005-03-22 00:00:00.000 North Vancouver 3 2 Alison Mathews 4789.00 2003-07-21 00:00:00.000 South Utown 4 3 James Smith 6678.00 2001-12-01 00:00:00.000 North Paris 5 4 Celia Rice 5567.00 2006-03-03 00:00:00.000 South London 6 5 Robert Black 4467.00 2004-07-02 00:00:00.000 East Newton 7 6 Linda Green 6456.00 2002-05-19 00:00:00.000 East Calgary 8 7 David Larry 5345.00 2008-03-18 00:00:00.000 West New York 9 8 James Cat 4234.00 2007-07-17 00:00:00.000 West Regina 9 9 Joan Act 6123.00 2001-04-16 00:00:00.000 North Toronto 10
(9 rows affected) 1> 2> 3> 4> ALTER TABLE Employee WITH NOCHECK 5> ADD CONSTRAINT CK_ContactType 6> CHECK (First_Name NOT LIKE "%assistant%") 7> 8> 9> ALTER TABLE Employee 10> NOCHECK CONSTRAINT ALL 11> 12> drop table Employee; 13> GO 1></source>
Disabling and Enabling a Constraint
<source lang="sql">
5> 6> 7> CREATE TABLE employee( 8> id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, 9> first_name VARCHAR(10), 10> last_name VARCHAR(10), 11> salary DECIMAL(10,2), 12> start_Date DATETIME, 13> region VARCHAR(10), 14> city VARCHAR(20), 15> managerid INTEGER 16> ); 17> GO 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (1, "Jason" , "Martin", 5890,"2005-03-22","North","Vancouver",3); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (2, "Alison", "Mathews",4789,"2003-07-21","South","Utown",4); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (3, "James" , "Smith", 6678,"2001-12-01","North","Paris",5); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (4, "Celia" , "Rice", 5567,"2006-03-03","South","London",6); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (5, "Robert", "Black", 4467,"2004-07-02","East","Newton",7); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (6, "Linda" , "Green" , 6456,"2002-05-19","East","Calgary",8); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (7, "David" , "Larry", 5345,"2008-03-18","West","New York",9); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (8, "James" , "Cat", 4234,"2007-07-17","West","Regina",9); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (9, "Joan" , "Act", 6123,"2001-04-16","North","Toronto",10); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> 2> select * from employee; 3> GO id first_name last_name salary start_Date region city managerid
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1 Jason Martin 5890.00 2005-03-22 00:00:00.000 North Vancouver 3 2 Alison Mathews 4789.00 2003-07-21 00:00:00.000 South Utown 4 3 James Smith 6678.00 2001-12-01 00:00:00.000 North Paris 5 4 Celia Rice 5567.00 2006-03-03 00:00:00.000 South London 6 5 Robert Black 4467.00 2004-07-02 00:00:00.000 East Newton 7 6 Linda Green 6456.00 2002-05-19 00:00:00.000 East Calgary 8 7 David Larry 5345.00 2008-03-18 00:00:00.000 West New York 9 8 James Cat 4234.00 2007-07-17 00:00:00.000 West Regina 9 9 Joan Act 6123.00 2001-04-16 00:00:00.000 North Toronto 10
(9 rows affected) 1> 2> 3> 4> ALTER TABLE Employee WITH NOCHECK 5> ADD CONSTRAINT CK_ContactType 6> CHECK (First_Name NOT LIKE "%assistant%") 7> GO 1> 2> 3> ALTER TABLE employee 4> NOCHECK CONSTRAINT CK_ContactType 5> GO 1> 2> ALTER TABLE employee 3> CHECK CONSTRAINT CK_ContactType 4> GO 1> 2> drop table employee; 3> GO</source>
Dropping a Constraint from a Table
<source lang="sql">
3> 4> CREATE TABLE employee( 5> id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, 6> first_name VARCHAR(10), 7> last_name VARCHAR(10), 8> salary DECIMAL(10,2), 9> start_Date DATETIME, 10> region VARCHAR(10), 11> city VARCHAR(20), 12> managerid INTEGER 13> ); 14> GO 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (1, "Jason" , "Martin", 5890,"2005-03-22","North","Vancouver",3); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (2, "Alison", "Mathews",4789,"2003-07-21","South","Utown",4); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (3, "James" , "Smith", 6678,"2001-12-01","North","Paris",5); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (4, "Celia" , "Rice", 5567,"2006-03-03","South","London",6); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (5, "Robert", "Black", 4467,"2004-07-02","East","Newton",7); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (6, "Linda" , "Green" , 6456,"2002-05-19","East","Calgary",8); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (7, "David" , "Larry", 5345,"2008-03-18","West","New York",9); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (8, "James" , "Cat", 4234,"2007-07-17","West","Regina",9); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (9, "Joan" , "Act", 6123,"2001-04-16","North","Toronto",10); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> 2> select * from employee; 3> GO id first_name last_name salary start_Date region city managerid
---------- ---------- ------------ ----------------------- ---------- -------------------- -----------
1 Jason Martin 5890.00 2005-03-22 00:00:00.000 North Vancouver 3 2 Alison Mathews 4789.00 2003-07-21 00:00:00.000 South Utown 4 3 James Smith 6678.00 2001-12-01 00:00:00.000 North Paris 5 4 Celia Rice 5567.00 2006-03-03 00:00:00.000 South London 6 5 Robert Black 4467.00 2004-07-02 00:00:00.000 East Newton 7 6 Linda Green 6456.00 2002-05-19 00:00:00.000 East Calgary 8 7 David Larry 5345.00 2008-03-18 00:00:00.000 West New York 9 8 James Cat 4234.00 2007-07-17 00:00:00.000 West Regina 9 9 Joan Act 6123.00 2001-04-16 00:00:00.000 North Toronto 10
(9 rows affected) 1> 2> 3> ALTER TABLE Employee 4> ADD CONSTRAINT DF_ID 5> DEFAULT "NO Name" 6> FOR First_name 7> GO 1> 2> ALTER TABLE Employee 3> DROP CONSTRAINT DF_ID 4> GO 1> 2> drop table Employee 3> GO</source>
Enable checking on all constraints
<source lang="sql">
4> 5> CREATE TABLE employee( 6> id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, 7> first_name VARCHAR(10), 8> last_name VARCHAR(10), 9> salary DECIMAL(10,2), 10> start_Date DATETIME, 11> region VARCHAR(10), 12> city VARCHAR(20), 13> managerid INTEGER 14> ); 15> GO 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (1, "Jason" , "Martin", 5890,"2005-03-22","North","Vancouver",3); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (2, "Alison", "Mathews",4789,"2003-07-21","South","Utown",4); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (3, "James" , "Smith", 6678,"2001-12-01","North","Paris",5); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (4, "Celia" , "Rice", 5567,"2006-03-03","South","London",6); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (5, "Robert", "Black", 4467,"2004-07-02","East","Newton",7); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (6, "Linda" , "Green" , 6456,"2002-05-19","East","Calgary",8); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (7, "David" , "Larry", 5345,"2008-03-18","West","New York",9); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (8, "James" , "Cat", 4234,"2007-07-17","West","Regina",9); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> INSERT INTO employee VALUES (9, "Joan" , "Act", 6123,"2001-04-16","North","Toronto",10); 2> GO (1 rows affected) 1> 2> select * from employee; 3> GO id first_name last_name salary start_Date region city managerid
---------- ---------- ------------ ----------------------- ---------- -------------------- -----------
1 Jason Martin 5890.00 2005-03-22 00:00:00.000 North Vancouver 3 2 Alison Mathews 4789.00 2003-07-21 00:00:00.000 South Utown 4 3 James Smith 6678.00 2001-12-01 00:00:00.000 North Paris 5 4 Celia Rice 5567.00 2006-03-03 00:00:00.000 South London 6 5 Robert Black 4467.00 2004-07-02 00:00:00.000 East Newton 7 6 Linda Green 6456.00 2002-05-19 00:00:00.000 East Calgary 8 7 David Larry 5345.00 2008-03-18 00:00:00.000 West New York 9 8 James Cat 4234.00 2007-07-17 00:00:00.000 West Regina 9 9 Joan Act 6123.00 2001-04-16 00:00:00.000 North Toronto 10
(9 rows affected) 1> 2> 3> 4> ALTER TABLE Employee WITH NOCHECK 5> ADD CONSTRAINT CK_ContactType 6> CHECK (First_Name NOT LIKE "%assistant%") 7> GO 1> 2> 3> ALTER TABLE employee 4> CHECK CONSTRAINT ALL 5> GO 1> 2> 3> drop table employee 4> GO 1></source>