Oracle PL/SQL/Select Query/HAVING — различия между версиями
Admin (обсуждение | вклад) м (1 версия) |
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Текущая версия на 10:00, 26 мая 2010
Содержание
- 1 Any conditions based on the outcome of a group function must be in the HAVING clause
- 2 Born after "1960-01-01", group by department number with count(*) >= 4;
- 3 Example using the MAX function with having clause
- 4 Subqueries in a HAVING Clause: Uses a subquery in the HAVING clause of the outer query
- 5 Sub query inside having clause
- 6 Use sum in having clause
- 7 Using and, or operator in having clause
- 8 Using avg() function in having clause
- 9 Using HAVING with an Analytical Function
- 10 Using the HAVING Clause
- 11 Using the HAVING Clause and where clause
- 12 Using the HAVING Clause with aggregate function
- 13 Using the same condition in having and where
- 14 Using the SUM function in HAVING Clause
Any conditions based on the outcome of a group function must be in the HAVING clause
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> --You can still include a WHERE clause, but any conditions based on the outcome of a group
SQL> --function must be placed in the HAVING clause.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT City, AVG(Salary) AS "Average Salary"
2 FROM Employee
3 WHERE City ="Vancouver"
4 GROUP BY City
5 HAVING AVG(Salary) > 1000;
CITY Average Salary
---------- --------------
Vancouver 3823.78
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
Born after "1960-01-01", group by department number with count(*) >= 4;
SQL> create table emp
2 ( empno NUMBER(4) constraint E_PK primary key
3 , ename VARCHAR2(8)
4 , init VARCHAR2(5)
5 , job VARCHAR2(8)
6 , mgr NUMBER(4)
7 , bdate DATE
8 , sal NUMBER(6,2)
9 , comm NUMBER(6,2)
10 , deptno NUMBER(2) default 10
11 ) ;
Table created.
SQL> insert into emp values(1,"Tom","N", "TRAINER", 13,date "1965-12-17", 800 , NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(2,"Jack","JAM", "Tester",6,date "1961-02-20", 1600, 300, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(3,"Wil","TF" , "Tester",6,date "1962-02-22", 1250, 500, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(4,"Jane","JM", "Designer", 9,date "1967-04-02", 2975, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(5,"Mary","P", "Tester",6,date "1956-09-28", 1250, 1400, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(6,"Black","R", "Designer", 9,date "1963-11-01", 2850, NULL, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(7,"Chris","AB", "Designer", 9,date "1965-06-09", 2450, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(8,"Smart","SCJ", "TRAINER", 4,date "1959-11-26", 3000, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(9,"Peter","CC", "Designer",NULL,date "1952-11-17", 5000, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(10,"Take","JJ", "Tester",6,date "1968-09-28", 1500, 0, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(11,"Ana","AA", "TRAINER", 8,date "1966-12-30", 1100, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(12,"Jane","R", "Manager", 6,date "1969-12-03", 800 , NULL, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(13,"Fake","MG", "TRAINER", 4,date "1959-02-13", 3000, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(14,"Mike","TJA","Manager", 7,date "1962-01-23", 1300, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> select deptno, count(empno)
2 from emp
3 where bdate > date "1960-01-01"
4 group by deptno
5 having count(*) >= 4;
DEPTNO COUNT(EMPNO)
---------- ------------
30 5
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table emp;
Table dropped.
Example using the MAX function with having clause
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
2 ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
3 JOB VARCHAR2(9),
4 MGR NUMBER(4),
5 HIREDATE DATE,
6 SAL NUMBER(7, 2),
7 COMM NUMBER(7, 2),
8 DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7369, "SMITH", "CLERK", 7902, TO_DATE("17-DEC-1980", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 800, NULL, 20);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7499, "ALLEN", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("20-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1600, 300, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7521, "WARD", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("22-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 500, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7566, "JONES", "MANAGER", 7839, TO_DATE("2-APR-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2975, NULL, 20);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7654, "MARTIN", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("28-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 1400, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7698, "BLAKE", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("1-MAY-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2850, NULL, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7782, "CLARK", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("9-JUN-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2450, NULL, 10);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7788, "SCOTT", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("09-DEC-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7839, "KING", "PRESIDENT", NULL,TO_DATE("17-NOV-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 5000, NULL, 10);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7844, "TURNER", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("8-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1500, 0, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7876, "ADAMS", "CLERK", 7788,TO_DATE("12-JAN-1983", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1100, NULL, 20);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7900, "JAMES", "CLERK", 7698,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 950, NULL, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7902, "FORD", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7934, "MILLER", "CLERK", 7782,TO_DATE("23-JAN-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1300, NULL, 10);
SQL>
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
SQL>
SQL> -- Example using the MAX function
SQL>
SQL> SELECT JOB, MAX(sal) as "Highest salary"
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY job
4 HAVING MAX(sal) < 50000;
JOB Highest salary
--------- --------------
CLERK 1300
SALESMAN 1600
PRESIDENT 5000
MANAGER 2975
ANALYST 3000
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table emp;
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
Subqueries in a HAVING Clause: Uses a subquery in the HAVING clause of the outer query
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DATE END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 1996-JUL-25 2006-JUL-25 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 1976-MAR-21 1986-FEB-21 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 1978-DEC-12 1990-MAR-15 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 1982-OCT-24 1999-APR-21 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 1984-JAN-15 1998-AUG-08 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 1987-JUL-30 1996-JAN-04 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 1990-DEC-31 1998-FEB-12 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 1996-SEP-17 2002-APR-15 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> --Subqueries in a HAVING Clause: Uses a subquery in the HAVING clause of the outer query.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT city, AVG(salary)
2 FROM employee
3 GROUP BY city
4 HAVING AVG(salary) <
5 (SELECT MAX(AVG(salary))
6 FROM employee
7 GROUP BY city);
CITY AVG(SALARY)
---------- -----------
Toronto 1234.56
Vancouver 3823.78
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
Sub query inside having clause
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> SELECT count(*), city
2 FROM employee
3 GROUP BY city
4 HAVING count(*) =
5 (SELECT max(count(*))
6 FROM employee
7 GROUP BY city);
COUNT(*) CITY
---------- ----------
5 Vancouver
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
Use sum in having clause
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE product (
2 product_name VARCHAR2(25),
3 product_price NUMBER(4,2),
4 quantity_on_hand NUMBER(5,0),
5 last_stock_date DATE);
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO product VALUES ("Small Widget", 99, 1, "15-JAN-03");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO product VALUES ("Medium Widget", 75, 1000, "15-JAN-02");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO product VALUES ("Product Number", 50, 100, "15-JAN-03");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO product VALUES ("Round Church Station", 25, 10000, null);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> SELECT SUBSTR(product_name, 1, 15) "Product",
2 SUM(quantity_on_hand) "Total Sold",
3 AVG(quantity_on_hand) "Average",
4 COUNT(quantity_on_hand) "Transactions",
5 MIN(quantity_on_hand) "Fewest",
6 MAX(quantity_on_hand) "Most"
7 FROM product
8 GROUP BY product_name
9 HAVING SUM(quantity_on_hand) < 5;
Product Total Sold Average Transactions Fewest Most
--------------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
Small Widget 1 1 1 1 1
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> DROP TABLE product;
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
Using and, or operator in having clause
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE server_usage (
2 pro_id NUMBER(4),
3 emp_id NUMBER,
4 time_log_date DATE,
5 hours_logged NUMBER(8,2),
6 dollars_charged NUMBER(8,2),
7 CONSTRAINT server_usage_pk PRIMARY KEY (pro_id, emp_id, time_log_date)
8 );
Table created.
SQL> INSERT INTO server_usage(pro_id, emp_id, time_log_date, hours_logged, dollars_charged)
2 VALUES (1001,101,to_date("4-Apr-2004","dd-mon-yyyy"),1123,222);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO server_usage(pro_id, emp_id, time_log_date, hours_logged, dollars_charged)
2 VALUES (1002,102,to_date("4-Apr-2005","dd-mon-yyyy"),1124,223);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO server_usage(pro_id, emp_id, time_log_date, hours_logged, dollars_charged)
2 VALUES (1003,103,to_date("4-Apr-2006","dd-mon-yyyy"),1125,224);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO server_usage(pro_id, emp_id, time_log_date, hours_logged, dollars_charged)
2 VALUES (1004,104,to_date("4-Apr-2007","dd-mon-yyyy"),1126,225);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO server_usage(pro_id, emp_id, time_log_date, hours_logged, dollars_charged)
2 VALUES (1005,105,to_date("4-Apr-2008","dd-mon-yyyy"),1127,226);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO server_usage(pro_id, emp_id, time_log_date, hours_logged, dollars_charged)
2 VALUES (1001,106,to_date("4-Apr-2009","dd-mon-yyyy"),1128,227);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO server_usage(pro_id, emp_id, time_log_date, hours_logged, dollars_charged)
2 VALUES (1002,107,to_date("4-Apr-2010","dd-mon-yyyy"),1129,228);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> SET ECHO ON
SQL> SELECT emp_id, pro_id
2 FROM server_usage
3 GROUP BY emp_id, pro_id
4 HAVING (pro_id = 1001 OR pro_id=1002)
5 AND SUM(hours_logged) > 20;
101 1001
102 1002
106 1001
107 1002
4 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> drop table server_usage;
Table dropped.
Using avg() function in having clause
SQL>
SQL> create table gift(
2 gift_id integer primary key
3 ,emp_id integer
4 ,register_date date not null
5 ,total_price number(7,2)
6 ,deliver_date date
7 ,deliver_time varchar2(7)
8 ,payment varchar2(2)
9 ,emp_no number(3,0)
10 ,deliver_name varchar2(35)
11 ,message varchar2(100)
12 );
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into gift(gift_id,emp_id,register_date,total_price,deliver_date,deliver_time,payment,emp_no,deliver_name,message)values
2 (1,1,"14-Feb-1999", 123.12, "14-Feb-1999", "12 noon", "CA",1, null, "Happy Birthday to you");
1 row created.
SQL> insert into gift(gift_id ,emp_id ,register_date ,total_price ,deliver_date ,deliver_time ,payment ,emp_no,deliver_name ,message)values
2 (2,1,"14-Feb-1999", 50.98, "14-feb-1999", "1 pm", "CA",7, "name1", "Happy Birthday");
1 row created.
SQL> insert into gift(gift_id ,emp_id ,register_date ,total_price ,deliver_date ,deliver_time,payment ,emp_no,deliver_name ,message )values
2 (3, 2,"14-Feb-1999", 35.99, "14-feb-1999", "1 pm", "VS",2, "Tom", "Happy Birthday");
1 row created.
SQL> insert into gift(gift_id ,emp_id ,register_date ,total_price ,deliver_date ,deliver_time,payment ,emp_no,deliver_name ,message )values
2 (4, 2,"14-Feb-1999", 19.95, "14-feb-1999", "5 pm", "CA",2, "Mary", "Happy Birthday");
1 row created.
SQL> insert into gift(gift_id ,emp_id ,register_date ,total_price ,deliver_date ,deliver_time,payment ,emp_no,deliver_name ,message)values
2 (5, 6,"4-mar-1999", 10.95, "5-mar-1999", "4:30 pm", "VS", 2, "Jack", "Happy Birthday");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> select to_char(register_date, "YYYY/MM") "Month",
2 avg(total_price) "Avg Sales by Month"
3 from gift
4 group by to_char(register_date, "YYYY/MM")
5 having avg(total_price) > 35;
Month Avg Sales by Month
------- ------------------
1999/02 57.51
1 row selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table gift;
Table dropped.
Using HAVING with an Analytical Function
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 empno Number(3) NOT NULL, -- Employee ID
3 ename VARCHAR2(10 BYTE), -- Employee Name
4 hireDate DATE, -- Date Employee Hired
5 orig_salary Number(8,2), -- Orignal Salary
6 curr_salary Number(8,2), -- Current Salary
7 region VARCHAR2(1 BYTE) -- Region where employeed
8 )
9 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> create table job(
2 empno Number(3) NOT NULL, -- Employee ID
3 jobtitle VARCHAR2(10 BYTE) -- Employee job title
4 )
5 /
Table created.
SQL> -- prepare data for employee table
SQL> insert into Employee(empno, ename, hireDate, orig_salary, curr_salary, region)
2 values(122,"Alison",to_date("19960321","YYYYMMDD"), 45000, 48000, "E")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(empno, ename, hireDate, orig_salary, curr_salary, region)
2 values(123, "James",to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), 23000, 32000, "W")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(empno, ename, hireDate, orig_salary, curr_salary, region)
2 values(104,"Celia",to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), 53000, 58000, "E")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(empno, ename, hireDate, orig_salary, curr_salary, region)
2 values(105,"Robert",to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), 31000, 36000, "W")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(empno, ename, hireDate, orig_salary, curr_salary, region)
2 values(116,"Linda", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), 43000, 53000, "E")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(empno, ename, hireDate, orig_salary, curr_salary, region)
2 values(117,"David", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), 78000, 85000, "W")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(empno, ename, hireDate, orig_salary, curr_salary, region)
2 values(108,"Jode", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), 21000, 29000, "E")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data for job table
SQL>
SQL> insert into job(empno, jobtitle)
2 values(101, "Painter");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into job(empno, jobtitle)
2 values(122, "Tester");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into job(empno, jobtitle)
2 values(123, "Dediator");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into job(empno, jobtitle)
2 values(104, "Chemist");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into job(empno, jobtitle)
2 values(105, "Accountant");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into job(empno, jobtitle)
2 values(116, "Manager");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into job(empno, jobtitle)
2 values(117, "Programmer");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into job(empno, jobtitle)
2 values(108, "Developer");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
Hit a key to continue
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE ORIG_SALARY CURR_SALARY R
---------- ---------- --------- ----------- ----------- -
122 Alison 21-MAR-96 45000 48000 E
123 James 12-DEC-78 23000 32000 W
104 Celia 24-OCT-82 53000 58000 E
105 Robert 15-JAN-84 31000 36000 W
116 Linda 30-JUL-87 43000 53000 E
117 David 31-DEC-90 78000 85000 W
108 Jode 17-SEP-96 21000 29000 E
7 rows selected.
SQL> select * from job;
Hit a key to continue
EMPNO JOBTITLE
---------- ----------
101 Painter
122 Tester
123 Dediator
104 Chemist
105 Accountant
116 Manager
117 Programmer
108 Developer
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- Using HAVING with an Analytical Function
SQL>
SQL> -- if a HAVING clause is added, it will have its effect just before the RANK.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT j.jobtitle, COUNT(*), MAX(orig_salary) maxsalary,
2 MIN(orig_salary) minsalary
3 -- RANK() OVER(ORDER BY MAX(orig_salary)) rankorder
4 FROM employee e, job j
5 WHERE e.orig_salary < 43000
6 AND e.empno = j.empno
7 GROUP BY j.jobtitle
8 HAVING MAX(orig_salary) > 34000
9 ORDER BY j.jobtitle desc;
no rows selected
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table job;
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee;
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
Using the HAVING Clause
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> --Using the HAVING Clause
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> --The HAVING clause is essentially a second WHERE clause that is evaluated after
SQL> --Oracle has calculated the grouping values.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> SELECT City, AVG(Salary) AS "Average Salary"
2 FROM Employee
3 GROUP BY City
4 HAVING AVG(Salary) > 500;
CITY Average Salary
---------- --------------
New York 6110.28
Toronto 1234.56
Vancouver 3823.78
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
Using the HAVING Clause and where clause
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE SAT (
2 StudentID INT NOT NULL,
3 ExamID INT NOT NULL,
4 Mark INT,
5 IfPassed SMALLINT,
6 Comments VARCHAR(255),
7 CONSTRAINT PK_SAT PRIMARY KEY (StudentID, ExamID));
Table created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO SAT (StudentID,ExamID,Mark,IfPassed,Comments) VALUES (1,1,55,1,"Satisfactory");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO SAT (StudentID,ExamID,Mark,IfPassed,Comments) VALUES (1,2,73,1,"Good result");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO SAT (StudentID,ExamID,Mark,IfPassed,Comments) VALUES (2,3,44,1,"Hard");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO SAT (StudentID,ExamID,Mark,IfPassed) VALUES (2,6,63,1);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> SELECT StudentID, AVG(Mark) AS AverageMark
2 FROM SAT
3 WHERE ExamID IN ( 5, 8, 11 )
4 GROUP BY StudentID
5 HAVING AVG(Mark) < 50 OR AVG(Mark) > 70;
no rows selected
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table SAT;
Table dropped.
Using the HAVING Clause with aggregate function
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE SAT (
2 StudentID INT NOT NULL,
3 ExamID INT NOT NULL,
4 Mark INT,
5 IfPassed SMALLINT,
6 Comments VARCHAR(255),
7 CONSTRAINT PK_SAT PRIMARY KEY (StudentID, ExamID));
Table created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO SAT (StudentID,ExamID,Mark,IfPassed,Comments) VALUES (1,1,55,1,"Satisfactory");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO SAT (StudentID,ExamID,Mark,IfPassed,Comments) VALUES (1,2,73,1,"Good result");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO SAT (StudentID,ExamID,Mark,IfPassed,Comments) VALUES (2,3,44,1,"Hard");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO SAT (StudentID,ExamID,Mark,IfPassed) VALUES (2,6,63,1);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> SELECT StudentID, AVG(Mark) AS AverageMark
2 FROM SAT
3 GROUP BY StudentID
4 HAVING AVG(Mark) < 50 OR AVG(Mark) > 70;
no rows selected
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table SAT;
Table dropped.
Using the same condition in having and where
SQL> create table emp
2 ( empno NUMBER(4) constraint E_PK primary key
3 , ename VARCHAR2(8)
4 , init VARCHAR2(5)
5 , job VARCHAR2(8)
6 , mgr NUMBER(4)
7 , bdate DATE
8 , sal NUMBER(6,2)
9 , comm NUMBER(6,2)
10 , deptno NUMBER(2) default 10
11 ) ;
Table created.
SQL> insert into emp values(1,"Tom","N", "TRAINER", 13,date "1965-12-17", 800 , NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(2,"Jack","JAM", "Tester",6,date "1961-02-20", 1600, 300, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(3,"Wil","TF" , "Tester",6,date "1962-02-22", 1250, 500, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(4,"Jane","JM", "Designer", 9,date "1967-04-02", 2975, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(5,"Mary","P", "Tester",6,date "1956-09-28", 1250, 1400, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(6,"Black","R", "Designer", 9,date "1963-11-01", 2850, NULL, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(7,"Chris","AB", "Designer", 9,date "1965-06-09", 2450, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(8,"Smart","SCJ", "TRAINER", 4,date "1959-11-26", 3000, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(9,"Peter","CC", "Designer",NULL,date "1952-11-17", 5000, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(10,"Take","JJ", "Tester",6,date "1968-09-28", 1500, 0, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(11,"Ana","AA", "TRAINER", 8,date "1966-12-30", 1100, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(12,"Jane","R", "Manager", 6,date "1969-12-03", 800 , NULL, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(13,"Fake","MG", "TRAINER", 4,date "1959-02-13", 3000, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(14,"Mike","TJA","Manager", 7,date "1962-01-23", 1300, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> select deptno, count(*)
2 from emp
3 group by deptno
4 having deptno <= 20;
DEPTNO COUNT(*)
---------- ----------
10 3
20 5
SQL>
SQL> select deptno, count(*)
2 from emp
3 where deptno <= 20
4 group by deptno;
DEPTNO COUNT(*)
---------- ----------
10 3
20 5
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table emp;
Table dropped.
Using the SUM function in HAVING Clause
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
2 ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
3 JOB VARCHAR2(9),
4 MGR NUMBER(4),
5 HIREDATE DATE,
6 SAL NUMBER(7, 2),
7 COMM NUMBER(7, 2),
8 DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7369, "SMITH", "CLERK", 7902, TO_DATE("17-DEC-1980", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 800, NULL, 20);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7499, "ALLEN", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("20-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1600, 300, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7521, "WARD", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("22-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 500, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7566, "JONES", "MANAGER", 7839, TO_DATE("2-APR-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2975, NULL, 20);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7654, "MARTIN", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("28-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 1400, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7698, "BLAKE", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("1-MAY-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2850, NULL, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7782, "CLARK", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("9-JUN-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2450, NULL, 10);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7788, "SCOTT", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("09-DEC-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7839, "KING", "PRESIDENT", NULL,TO_DATE("17-NOV-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 5000, NULL, 10);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7844, "TURNER", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("8-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1500, 0, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7876, "ADAMS", "CLERK", 7788,TO_DATE("12-JAN-1983", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1100, NULL, 20);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7900, "JAMES", "CLERK", 7698,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 950, NULL, 30);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7902, "FORD", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7934, "MILLER", "CLERK", 7782,TO_DATE("23-JAN-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1300, NULL, 10);
SQL>
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
SQL>
SQL> -- Using the SUM function in HAVING Clause
SQL>
SQL> SELECT job, SUM(sal) as "Total salary"
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY job
4 HAVING SUM(sal) > 1000;
JOB Total salary
--------- ------------
CLERK 4150
SALESMAN 5600
PRESIDENT 5000
MANAGER 8275
ANALYST 6000
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table emp;
SQL>
SQL>