Oracle PL/SQL/Char Functions/LPAD — различия между версиями

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Версия 13:45, 26 мая 2010

Demo LEVEL inside of LPAD

  
SQL>
SQL> create table employee(
  2           emp_no                 integer         primary key
  3          ,lastname               varchar2(20)    not null
  4          ,firstname              varchar2(15)    not null
  5          ,midinit                varchar2(1)
  6          ,street                 varchar2(30)
  7          ,city                   varchar2(20)
  8          ,state                  varchar2(2)
  9          ,zip                    varchar2(5)
 10          ,zip_4                  varchar2(4)
 11          ,area_code              varchar2(3)
 12          ,phone                  varchar2(8)
 13          ,salary                 number(3)
 14          ,birthdate              date
 15          ,hiredate               date
 16          ,title                  varchar2(20)
 17          ,dept_no                integer
 18          ,mgr                    integer
 19          ,region                 number
 20          ,division               number
 21          ,total_sales            number
 22  );
Table created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (1,"Anderson","Nancy","N","33 Ave","London","NY","11111","1111","212","234-1111",3.75,"21-mar-1927","1-feb-1947","Sales Manager",2,null,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (2,"Last","First","F","12 Ave","Paris","CA","22222","2222","221","867-2222",7.75,"14-feb-1976","15-mar-1985","Sales Clerk",2,1,100,10,10000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (3,"Wash","Georgia","G","1 Street14","Barton","NJ","33333","3333","214","340-3333",11.50,"2-jul-1977","21-apr-2004","Designer",1,2,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (4,"Bush","Dave","D","56 Street","Island","RI","44444","4444","215","777-4444",21.65,"15-may-1945","2-aug-1975","Designer",1,2,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (5,"Will","Robin","W","56 Street","Island","MA","55555","5555","216","777-5555",24.65,"10-dec-1980","2-aug-2007","Designer",1,5,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (6,"Pete","Mona","M","13 Ave","York","MO","66666","6666","217","111-6666",9,"14-feb-1966","15-mar-1985","Sales Clerk",2,5,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (7,"Roke","John","J","67 Ave","New York","BC","77777","7777","218","122-7777",10.00,"14-jun-1955","15-mar-1975","Accountant",3,2,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (8,"Horry","Tedi","T","1236 Lane","Newton","NY","88888","8888","219","222-8888",13.00,"10-jun-1955","15-aug-1985","Sales Representative",3,2,100,10,50000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2                values (9,"Bar","Candi","C","400 East Street","Yorken","NY","99999","9999","220","321-9999",12.00,"10-oct-1933","15-jan-1969","Sales Representative",3,5,100,10,35000);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> select * from employee;
    EMP_NO LASTNAME             FIRSTNAME       M STREET                         CITY                 ST ZIP   ZIP_ ARE PHONE        SALARY
---------- -------------------- --------------- - ------------------------------ -------------------- -- ----- ---- --- -------- ----------
BIRTHDATE            HIREDATE             TITLE                   DEPT_NO        MGR     REGION   DIVISION TOTAL_SALES
-------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------
         1 Anderson             Nancy           N 33 Ave                         London               NY 11111 1111 212 234-1111          4
21-MAR-1927 00:00:00 01-FEB-1947 00:00:00 Sales Manager                 2                   100      10  40000
         2 Last                 First           F 12 Ave                         Paris                CA 22222 2222 221 867-2222          8
14-FEB-1976 00:00:00 15-MAR-1985 00:00:00 Sales Clerk                   2          1        100      10  10000
         3 Wash                 Georgia         G 1 Street14                     Barton               NJ 33333 3333 214 340-3333         12
02-JUL-1977 00:00:00 21-APR-2004 00:00:00 Designer                      1          2        100      10  40000
         4 Bush                 Dave            D 56 Street                      Island               RI 44444 4444 215 777-4444         22
15-MAY-1945 00:00:00 02-AUG-1975 00:00:00 Designer                      1          2        100      10  40000
         5 Will                 Robin           W 56 Street                      Island               MA 55555 5555 216 777-5555         25
10-DEC-1980 00:00:00 02-AUG-2007 00:00:00 Designer                      1          5        100      10  40000
         6 Pete                 Mona            M 13 Ave                         York                 MO 66666 6666 217 111-6666          9
14-FEB-1966 00:00:00 15-MAR-1985 00:00:00 Sales Clerk                   2          5        100      10  40000
         7 Roke                 John            J 67 Ave                         New York             BC 77777 7777 218 122-7777         10
14-JUN-1955 00:00:00 15-MAR-1975 00:00:00 Accountant                    3          2        100      10  40000
         8 Horry                Tedi            T 1236 Lane                      Newton               NY 88888 8888 219 222-8888         13
10-JUN-1955 00:00:00 15-AUG-1985 00:00:00 Sales Representative          3          2        100      10  50000
         9 Bar                  Candi           C 400 East Street                Yorken               NY 99999 9999 220 321-9999         12
10-OCT-1933 00:00:00 15-JAN-1969 00:00:00 Sales Representative          3          5        100      10  35000

9 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> col name format a20
SQL>
SQL> select lpad(" ",2*(level-1)) || lastname as name
  2  from employee
  3  start with emp_no = 2
  4  connect by prior emp_no = mgr;
NAME
--------------------
Last
  Wash
  Bush
  Roke
  Horry
5 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table employee;
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> --



Demo LEVEL inside of LPAD with "*"

  
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> create table employee(
  2           emp_no                 integer         primary key
  3          ,lastname               varchar2(20)    not null
  4          ,firstname              varchar2(15)    not null
  5          ,midinit                varchar2(1)
  6          ,street                 varchar2(30)
  7          ,city                   varchar2(20)
  8          ,state                  varchar2(2)
  9          ,zip                    varchar2(5)
 10          ,zip_4                  varchar2(4)
 11          ,area_code              varchar2(3)
 12          ,phone                  varchar2(8)
 13          ,salary                 number(3)
 14          ,birthdate              date
 15          ,hiredate               date
 16          ,title                  varchar2(20)
 17          ,dept_no                integer
 18          ,mgr                    integer
 19          ,region                 number
 20          ,division               number
 21          ,total_sales            number
 22  );
Table created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (1,"Anderson","Nancy","N","33 Ave","London","NY","11111","1111","212","234-1111",3.75,"21-mar-1927","1-feb-1947","Sales Manager",2,null,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (2,"Last","First","F","12 Ave","Paris","CA","22222","2222","221","867-2222",7.75,"14-feb-1976","15-mar-1985","Sales Clerk",2,1,100,10,10000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (3,"Wash","Georgia","G","1 Street14","Barton","NJ","33333","3333","214","340-3333",11.50,"2-jul-1977","21-apr-2004","Designer",1,2,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (4,"Bush","Dave","D","56 Street","Island","RI","44444","4444","215","777-4444",21.65,"15-may-1945","2-aug-1975","Designer",1,2,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (5,"Will","Robin","W","56 Street","Island","MA","55555","5555","216","777-5555",24.65,"10-dec-1980","2-aug-2007","Designer",1,5,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (6,"Pete","Mona","M","13 Ave","York","MO","66666","6666","217","111-6666",9,"14-feb-1966","15-mar-1985","Sales Clerk",2,5,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (7,"Roke","John","J","67 Ave","New York","BC","77777","7777","218","122-7777",10.00,"14-jun-1955","15-mar-1975","Accountant",3,2,100,10,40000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2               values (8,"Horry","Tedi","T","1236 Lane","Newton","NY","88888","8888","219","222-8888",13.00,"10-jun-1955","15-aug-1985","Sales Representative",3,2,100,10,50000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into employee(emp_no, lastname, firstname, midinit, street, city, state, zip,zip_4, area_code, phone, salary, birthdate, hiredate,title, dept_no, mgr, region, division, total_sales)
  2                values (9,"Bar","Candi","C","400 East Street","Yorken","NY","99999","9999","220","321-9999",12.00,"10-oct-1933","15-jan-1969","Sales Representative",3,5,100,10,35000);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> select * from employee;
    EMP_NO LASTNAME             FIRSTNAME       M STREET                         CITY                 ST ZIP   ZIP_ ARE PHONE        SALARY
---------- -------------------- --------------- - ------------------------------ -------------------- -- ----- ---- --- -------- ----------
BIRTHDATE            HIREDATE             TITLE                   DEPT_NO        MGR     REGION   DIVISION TOTAL_SALES
-------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -----------
         1 Anderson             Nancy           N 33 Ave                         London               NY 11111 1111 212 234-1111          4
21-MAR-1927 00:00:00 01-FEB-1947 00:00:00 Sales Manager                 2                   100      10  40000
         2 Last                 First           F 12 Ave                         Paris                CA 22222 2222 221 867-2222          8
14-FEB-1976 00:00:00 15-MAR-1985 00:00:00 Sales Clerk                   2          1        100      10  10000
         3 Wash                 Georgia         G 1 Street14                     Barton               NJ 33333 3333 214 340-3333         12
02-JUL-1977 00:00:00 21-APR-2004 00:00:00 Designer                      1          2        100      10  40000
         4 Bush                 Dave            D 56 Street                      Island               RI 44444 4444 215 777-4444         22
15-MAY-1945 00:00:00 02-AUG-1975 00:00:00 Designer                      1          2        100      10  40000
         5 Will                 Robin           W 56 Street                      Island               MA 55555 5555 216 777-5555         25
10-DEC-1980 00:00:00 02-AUG-2007 00:00:00 Designer                      1          5        100      10  40000
         6 Pete                 Mona            M 13 Ave                         York                 MO 66666 6666 217 111-6666          9
14-FEB-1966 00:00:00 15-MAR-1985 00:00:00 Sales Clerk                   2          5        100      10  40000
         7 Roke                 John            J 67 Ave                         New York             BC 77777 7777 218 122-7777         10
14-JUN-1955 00:00:00 15-MAR-1975 00:00:00 Accountant                    3          2        100      10  40000
         8 Horry                Tedi            T 1236 Lane                      Newton               NY 88888 8888 219 222-8888         13
10-JUN-1955 00:00:00 15-AUG-1985 00:00:00 Sales Representative          3          2        100      10  50000
         9 Bar                  Candi           C 400 East Street                Yorken               NY 99999 9999 220 321-9999         12
10-OCT-1933 00:00:00 15-JAN-1969 00:00:00 Sales Representative          3          5        100      10  35000

9 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> col name format a20
SQL> select lpad("*",level, "*") || lastname as name
  2  from employee
  3  start with emp_no = 2
  4  connect by prior emp_no = mgr;
NAME
--------------------
*Last
**Wash
**Bush
**Roke
**Horry
5 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table employee;
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL> --



If the character to be padded is longer than the requested total length, it will be trimmed to the exact total.

  
SQL> SELECT
  2     LPAD("ABC",6,"***") result1,
  3     LPAD("ABC",4,"***") result2,
  4     LPAD("ABC",2,"***") result3
  5  FROM dual;
RESULT RESU RE
------ ---- --
***ABC *ABC AB



Lpad: makes a string a certain length by adding (padding) a specified set of characters to the left of the original string

 
SQL> -- Lpad: makes a string a certain length by adding (padding) a specified set of characters to the left of the original string.
SQL>
SQL> -- LPAD stands for "left pad."
SQL>
SQL> -- The general format for this function is:
SQL>
SQL> -- LPAD(string, length_to_make_string,
SQL> --   what_to_add_to_left_of_string)
SQL>
SQL> SELECT LPAD("Column", 15, ".") FROM dual;
LPAD("COLUMN",1
---------------
.........Column



LPAD(string, 10,"*")

 

SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
  2    ID                 VARCHAR2(4 BYTE)         NOT NULL,
  3    First_Name         VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  4    Last_Name          VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  5    Start_Date         DATE,
  6    End_Date           DATE,
  7    Salary             Number(8,2),
  8    City               VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
  9    Description        VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
 10  )
 11  /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)
  2               values ("01","Jason",    "Martin",  to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto",  "Programmer")
  3  /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)
  2                values("02","Alison",   "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
  3  /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)
  2                values("03","James",    "Smith",   to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
  3  /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)
  2                values("04","Celia",    "Rice",    to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
  3  /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary,  City,       Description)
  2                values("05","Robert",   "Black",   to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
  3  /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)
  2                values("06","Linda",    "Green",   to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York",  "Tester")
  3  /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)
  2                values("07","David",    "Larry",   to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York",  "Manager")
  3  /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID,  First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date,                     End_Date,                       Salary, City,        Description)
  2                values("08","James",    "Cat",     to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
  3  /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
  2  /
ID   FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME  START_DAT END_DATE      SALARY CITY       DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01   Jason      Martin     25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06    1234.56 Toronto    Programmer
02   Alison     Mathews    21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86    6661.78 Vancouver  Tester
03   James      Smith      12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90    6544.78 Vancouver  Tester
04   Celia      Rice       24-OCT-82 21-APR-99    2344.78 Vancouver  Manager
05   Robert     Black      15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98    2334.78 Vancouver  Tester
06   Linda      Green      30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96    4322.78 New York   Tester
07   David      Larry      31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98    7897.78 New York   Manager
08   James      Cat        17-SEP-96 15-APR-02    1232.78 Vancouver  Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> SELECT LPAD(Last_Name, 10,"*") AS LPAD FROM Employee;
LPAD
----------
****Martin
***Mathews
*****Smith
******Rice
*****Black
*****Green
*****Larry
*******Cat
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
  2  /
Table dropped.
SQL>



Padding based on value length

 
SQL>
SQL> create table emp
  2  ( empno      NUMBER(4)    constraint E_PK primary key
  3  , ename      VARCHAR2(8)
  4  , init       VARCHAR2(5)
  5  , job        VARCHAR2(8)
  6  , mgr        NUMBER(4)
  7  , bdate      DATE
  8  , sal       NUMBER(6,2)
  9  , comm       NUMBER(6,2)
 10  , deptno     NUMBER(2)    default 10
 11  ) ;
Table created.
SQL> insert into emp values(1,"Tom","N",   "Coder", 13,date "1965-12-17",  800 , NULL,  20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(2,"Jack","JAM", "Tester",6,date "1961-02-20",  1600, 300,   30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(3,"Wil","TF" ,  "Tester",6,date "1962-02-22",  1250, 500,   30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(4,"Jane","JM",  "Designer", 9,date "1967-04-02",  2975, NULL,  20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(5,"Mary","P",  "Tester",6,date "1956-09-28",  1250, 1400,  30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(6,"Black","R",   "Designer", 9,date "1963-11-01",  2850, NULL,  30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(7,"Chris","AB",  "Designer", 9,date "1965-06-09",  2450, NULL,  10);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(8,"Smart","SCJ", "Coder", 4,date "1959-11-26",  3000, NULL,  20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(9,"Peter","CC",   "Designer",NULL,date "1952-11-17",  5000, NULL,  10);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(10,"Take","JJ", "Tester",6,date "1968-09-28",  1500, 0,     30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(11,"Ana","AA",  "Coder", 8,date "1966-12-30",  1100, NULL,  20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(12,"Jane","R",   "Manager",   6,date "1969-12-03",  800 , NULL,  30);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(13,"Fake","MG",   "Coder", 4,date "1959-02-13",  3000, NULL,  20);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into emp values(14,"Mike","TJA","Manager",   7,date "1962-01-23",  1300, NULL,  10);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> select lpad(sal,4)||" "||
  2         rpad("o",sal/100,"o") as histogram
  3  from   emp
  4  where  deptno = 30;
HISTOGRAM
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1600 oooooooooooooooo
1250 oooooooooooo
1250 oooooooooooo
2850 oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
1500 ooooooooooooooo
 800 oooooooo
6 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> drop table emp;
Table dropped.



select lpad( "*", 5, "*" )

  
SQL>
SQL> select lpad( "*", 5, "*" )
  2  from dual;
LPAD(
-----
*****
1 row selected.
SQL> --