Oracle PL/SQL/Analytical Functions/LAG LEAD — различия между версиями
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Текущая версия на 09:55, 26 мая 2010
Содержание
- 1 LAG() and LEAD(): get a value in a row where that row is a certain number of rows away from the current row
- 2 LAG, LEAD: allow specified offsets and default values for the nulls that result in non-applicable rows
- 3 Lag over
- 4 Lag over order
- 5 lead over order by
- 6 Lead over partition
- 7 The row comparison function can also be partitioned as with other aggregates
- 8 The Row Comparison Functions LEAD and LAG
- 9 Use lag over and lead over in inner statement
- 10 Use lag over in inner query
LAG() and LEAD(): get a value in a row where that row is a certain number of rows away from the current row
SQL> CREATE TABLE all_sales (
2 year INTEGER,
3 month INTEGER,
4 prd_type_id INTEGER,
5 emp_id INTEGER ,
6 amount NUMBER(8, 2)
7 );
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,1 ,1 ,21 ,16034.84);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,2 ,1 ,21 ,15644.65);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,3 ,2 ,21 ,20167.83);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,4 ,2 ,21 ,25056.45);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,5 ,2 ,21 ,NULL);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,6 ,1 ,21 ,15564.66);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,7 ,1 ,21 ,15644.65);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,8 ,1 ,21 ,16434.82);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,9 ,1 ,21 ,19654.57);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,10 ,1 ,21 ,21764.19);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,11 ,1 ,21 ,13026.73);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2006,12 ,2 ,21 ,10034.64);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,1 ,2 ,22 ,16634.84);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,1 ,2 ,21 ,26034.84);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,2 ,1 ,21 ,12644.65);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,3 ,1 ,21 ,NULL);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,4 ,1 ,21 ,25026.45);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,5 ,1 ,21 ,17212.66);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,6 ,1 ,21 ,15564.26);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,7 ,2 ,21 ,62654.82);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,8 ,2 ,21 ,26434.82);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,9 ,2 ,21 ,15644.65);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,10 ,2 ,21 ,21264.19);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,11 ,1 ,21 ,13026.73);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into all_sales (YEAR,MONTH,PRD_TYPE_ID,EMP_ID,AMOUNT)
2 values(2005,12 ,1 ,21 ,10032.64);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> select * from all_sales;
YEAR MONTH PRD_TYPE_ID EMP_ID AMOUNT
---------- ---------- ----------- ---------- ----------
2006 1 1 21 16034.84
2006 2 1 21 15644.65
2006 3 2 21 20167.83
2006 4 2 21 25056.45
2006 5 2 21
2006 6 1 21 15564.66
2006 7 1 21 15644.65
2006 8 1 21 16434.82
2006 9 1 21 19654.57
2006 10 1 21 21764.19
2006 11 1 21 13026.73
2006 12 2 21 10034.64
2005 1 2 22 16634.84
2005 1 2 21 26034.84
2005 2 1 21 12644.65
2005 3 1 21
2005 4 1 21 25026.45
2005 5 1 21 17212.66
2005 6 1 21 15564.26
2005 7 2 21 62654.82
2005 8 2 21 26434.82
2005 9 2 21 15644.65
2005 10 2 21 21264.19
2005 11 1 21 13026.73
2005 12 1 21 10032.64
25 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> --LAG() and LEAD(): get a value in a row where that row is a certain number of rows away from the current row.
SQL>
SQL> --The following query uses LAG() and LEAD() to get the previous and next month�s sales amount:
SQL>
SQL> SELECT
2 month, SUM(amount) AS month_amount,
3 LAG(SUM(amount), 1) OVER (ORDER BY month) AS previous_month_amount,
4 LEAD(SUM(amount), 1) OVER (ORDER BY month) AS next_month_amount
5 FROM all_sales
6 GROUP BY month
7 ORDER BY month;
MONTH MONTH_AMOUNT PREVIOUS_MONTH_AMOUNT NEXT_MONTH_AMOUNT
---------- ------------ --------------------- -----------------
1 58704.52 28289.3
2 28289.3 58704.52 20167.83
3 20167.83 28289.3 50082.9
4 50082.9 20167.83 17212.66
5 17212.66 50082.9 31128.92
6 31128.92 17212.66 78299.47
7 78299.47 31128.92 42869.64
8 42869.64 78299.47 35299.22
9 35299.22 42869.64 43028.38
10 43028.38 35299.22 26053.46
11 26053.46 43028.38 20067.28
12 20067.28 26053.46
12 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table all_sales;
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
LAG, LEAD: allow specified offsets and default values for the nulls that result in non-applicable rows
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- LAG and LEAD Options
SQL>
SQL> -- LAG and LEAD functions have options that allow specified offsets and default values for the
SQL> -- nulls that result in non-applicable rows
SQL>
SQL> SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY start_date) rn,
2 city, start_date, salary,
3 LAG(salary,3,999) OVER(ORDER BY start_date) Previous,
4 LEAD(salary,2,-1) OVER(ORDER BY start_date) Next
5 FROM employee;
RN CITY START_DAT SALARY PREVIOUS NEXT
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 Vancouver 21-MAR-76 6661.78 999 2344.78
2 Vancouver 12-DEC-78 6544.78 999 2334.78
3 Vancouver 24-OCT-82 2344.78 999 4322.78
4 Vancouver 15-JAN-84 2334.78 6661.78 7897.78
5 New York 30-JUL-87 4322.78 6544.78 1234.56
6 New York 31-DEC-90 7897.78 2344.78 1232.78
7 Toronto 25-JUL-96 1234.56 2334.78 -1
8 Vancouver 17-SEP-96 1232.78 4322.78 -1
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
Lag over
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
2 ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
3 JOB VARCHAR2(9),
4 MGR NUMBER(4),
5 HIREDATE DATE,
6 SAL NUMBER(7, 2),
7 COMM NUMBER(7, 2),
8 DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7369, "SMITH", "CLERK", 7902, TO_DATE("17-DEC-1980", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 800, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7499, "ALLEN", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("20-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1600, 300, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7521, "WARD", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("22-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 500, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7566, "JONES", "MANAGER", 7839, TO_DATE("2-APR-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2975, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7654, "MARTIN", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("28-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 1400, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7698, "BLAKE", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("1-MAY-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2850, NULL, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7782, "CLARK", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("9-JUN-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2450, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7788, "SCOTT", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("09-DEC-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7839, "KING", "PRESIDENT", NULL,TO_DATE("17-NOV-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 5000, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7844, "TURNER", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("8-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1500, 0, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7876, "ADAMS", "CLERK", 7788,TO_DATE("12-JAN-1983", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1100, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7900, "JAMES", "CLERK", 7698,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 950, NULL, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7902, "FORD", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7934, "MILLER", "CLERK", 7782,TO_DATE("23-JAN-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1300, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER(2),DNAME VARCHAR2(14),LOC VARCHAR2(13) );
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (10, "ACCOUNTING", "NEW YORK");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (20, "RESEARCH", "DALLAS");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (30, "SALES", "CHICAGO");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (40, "OPERATIONS", "BOSTON");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
14 rows selected.
SQL> select * from dept;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
SQL>
SQL> select ename,sal,
2 lag( ename, 1, "N/A" ) over ( order by sal ) prev_ename,
3 lag( sal, 1, null ) over ( order by sal ) prev_sal
4 from emp
5 order by sal
6 /
ENAME SAL PREV_ENAME PREV_SAL
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH 800 N/A
JAMES 950 SMITH 800
ADAMS 1100 JAMES 950
WARD 1250 ADAMS 1100
MARTIN 1250 WARD 1250
MILLER 1300 MARTIN 1250
TURNER 1500 MILLER 1300
ALLEN 1600 TURNER 1500
CLARK 2450 ALLEN 1600
BLAKE 2850 CLARK 2450
JONES 2975 BLAKE 2850
ENAME SAL PREV_ENAME PREV_SAL
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SCOTT 3000 JONES 2975
FORD 3000 SCOTT 3000
KING 5000 FORD 3000
14 rows selected.
SQL> break on dname skip 1
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table emp cascade constraints;
Table dropped.
SQL> drop table dept cascade constraints;
Table dropped.
SQL>
Lag over order
SQL>
SQL> create table pages(
2 page_id number,
3 seq number )
4 /
Table created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 1, 10 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 2, 20 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 3, 30 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 4, 40 );
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL>
SQL> select lag( page_id, 1, null )
2 over ( order by seq ) prev,
3 page_id,
4 lead( page_id, 1, null )
5 over ( order by seq ) next
6 from pages
7 where page_id = 3
8 /
PREV PAGE_ID NEXT
---------- ---------- ----------
3
SQL>
SQL> drop table pages;
Table dropped.
lead over order by
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
2 ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
3 JOB VARCHAR2(9),
4 MGR NUMBER(4),
5 HIREDATE DATE,
6 SAL NUMBER(7, 2),
7 COMM NUMBER(7, 2),
8 DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7369, "SMITH", "CLERK", 7902, TO_DATE("17-DEC-1980", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 800, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7499, "ALLEN", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("20-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1600, 300, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7521, "WARD", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("22-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 500, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7566, "JONES", "MANAGER", 7839, TO_DATE("2-APR-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2975, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7654, "MARTIN", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("28-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 1400, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7698, "BLAKE", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("1-MAY-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2850, NULL, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7782, "CLARK", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("9-JUN-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2450, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7788, "SCOTT", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("09-DEC-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7839, "KING", "PRESIDENT", NULL,TO_DATE("17-NOV-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 5000, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7844, "TURNER", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("8-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1500, 0, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7876, "ADAMS", "CLERK", 7788,TO_DATE("12-JAN-1983", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1100, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7900, "JAMES", "CLERK", 7698,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 950, NULL, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7902, "FORD", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7934, "MILLER", "CLERK", 7782,TO_DATE("23-JAN-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1300, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER(2),DNAME VARCHAR2(14),LOC VARCHAR2(13) );
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (10, "ACCOUNTING", "NEW YORK");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (20, "RESEARCH", "DALLAS");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (30, "SALES", "CHICAGO");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (40, "OPERATIONS", "BOSTON");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
14 rows selected.
SQL> select * from dept;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
SQL>
SQL> select ename, sal,
2 lead( ename, 1, "N/A" ) over ( order by sal ) next_ename,
3 lead( sal, 1, null ) over ( order by sal ) next_sal,
4 lead( ename, 2, "N/A" ) over ( order by sal ) next_ename,
5 lead( sal, 2, null ) over ( order by sal ) next_sal
6 from emp
7 order by sal
8 /
ENAME SAL NEXT_ENAME NEXT_SAL NEXT_ENAME NEXT_SAL
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH 800 JAMES 950 ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950 ADAMS 1100 WARD 1250
ADAMS 1100 WARD 1250 MARTIN 1250
WARD 1250 MARTIN 1250 MILLER 1300
MARTIN 1250 MILLER 1300 TURNER 1500
MILLER 1300 TURNER 1500 ALLEN 1600
TURNER 1500 ALLEN 1600 CLARK 2450
ALLEN 1600 CLARK 2450 BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450 BLAKE 2850 JONES 2975
BLAKE 2850 JONES 2975 SCOTT 3000
JONES 2975 SCOTT 3000 FORD 3000
ENAME SAL NEXT_ENAME NEXT_SAL NEXT_ENAME NEXT_SAL
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SCOTT 3000 FORD 3000 KING 5000
FORD 3000 KING 5000 N/A
KING 5000 N/A N/A
14 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table emp cascade constraints;
Table dropped.
SQL> drop table dept cascade constraints;
Table dropped.
Lead over partition
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
2 ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
3 JOB VARCHAR2(9),
4 MGR NUMBER(4),
5 HIREDATE DATE,
6 SAL NUMBER(7, 2),
7 COMM NUMBER(7, 2),
8 DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7369, "SMITH", "CLERK", 7902, TO_DATE("17-DEC-1980", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 800, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7499, "ALLEN", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("20-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1600, 300, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7521, "WARD", "SALESMAN", 7698, TO_DATE("22-FEB-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 500, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7566, "JONES", "MANAGER", 7839, TO_DATE("2-APR-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2975, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7654, "MARTIN", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("28-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1250, 1400, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7698, "BLAKE", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("1-MAY-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2850, NULL, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7782, "CLARK", "MANAGER", 7839,TO_DATE("9-JUN-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 2450, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7788, "SCOTT", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("09-DEC-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7839, "KING", "PRESIDENT", NULL,TO_DATE("17-NOV-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 5000, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7844, "TURNER", "SALESMAN", 7698,TO_DATE("8-SEP-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1500, 0, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7876, "ADAMS", "CLERK", 7788,TO_DATE("12-JAN-1983", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1100, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7900, "JAMES", "CLERK", 7698,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 950, NULL, 30);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7902, "FORD", "ANALYST", 7566,TO_DATE("3-DEC-1981", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 3000, NULL, 20);
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7934, "MILLER", "CLERK", 7782,TO_DATE("23-JAN-1982", "DD-MON-YYYY"), 1300, NULL, 10);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER(2),DNAME VARCHAR2(14),LOC VARCHAR2(13) );
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (10, "ACCOUNTING", "NEW YORK");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (20, "RESEARCH", "DALLAS");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (30, "SALES", "CHICAGO");
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (40, "OPERATIONS", "BOSTON");
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> select * from emp;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
14 rows selected.
SQL> select * from dept;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
SQL>
SQL> select deptno, ename, sal,
2 lead( ename, 1, "N/A" ) over ( partition by deptno
3 order by sal ) next_ename,
4 lead( sal, 1, null ) over ( partition by deptno
5 order by sal ) next_sal
6 from emp
7 /
DEPTNO ENAME SAL NEXT_ENAME NEXT_SAL
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
10 MILLER 1300 CLARK 2450
10 CLARK 2450 KING 5000
10 KING 5000 N/A
20 SMITH 800 ADAMS 1100
20 ADAMS 1100 JONES 2975
20 JONES 2975 SCOTT 3000
20 SCOTT 3000 FORD 3000
20 FORD 3000 N/A
30 JAMES 950 MARTIN 1250
30 MARTIN 1250 WARD 1250
30 WARD 1250 TURNER 1500
DEPTNO ENAME SAL NEXT_ENAME NEXT_SAL
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
30 TURNER 1500 ALLEN 1600
30 ALLEN 1600 BLAKE 2850
30 BLAKE 2850 N/A
14 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> drop table emp cascade constraints;
Table dropped.
SQL> drop table dept cascade constraints;
Table dropped.
The row comparison function can also be partitioned as with other aggregates
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- The row comparison function can also be partitioned as with other aggregates:
SQL>
SQL> SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY city ORDER BY start_date)
2 rn, city, start_date, salary,
3 LAG(salary) OVER(PARTITION BY city ORDER BY start_date)
4 Previous,
5 LEAD(salary) OVER(PARTITION BY city ORDER BY start_date) Next
6 FROM employee
7 ORDER BY city, start_date;
RN CITY START_DAT SALARY PREVIOUS NEXT
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 New York 30-JUL-87 4322.78 7897.78
2 New York 31-DEC-90 7897.78 4322.78
1 Toronto 25-JUL-96 1234.56
1 Vancouver 21-MAR-76 6661.78 6544.78
2 Vancouver 12-DEC-78 6544.78 6661.78 2344.78
3 Vancouver 24-OCT-82 2344.78 6544.78 2334.78
4 Vancouver 15-JAN-84 2334.78 2344.78 1232.78
5 Vancouver 17-SEP-96 1232.78 2334.78
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
The Row Comparison Functions LEAD and LAG
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- The Row Comparison Functions LEAD and LAG
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- see a previous row value on the same row as the current value.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY start_date) rn,
2 city, start_date, salary,
3 LAG(salary) OVER(ORDER BY start_date) Previous,
4 LEAD(salary) OVER(ORDER BY start_date) Next
5 FROM employee
6 ORDER BY start_date;
RN CITY START_DAT SALARY PREVIOUS NEXT
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 Vancouver 21-MAR-76 6661.78 6544.78
2 Vancouver 12-DEC-78 6544.78 6661.78 2344.78
3 Vancouver 24-OCT-82 2344.78 6544.78 2334.78
4 Vancouver 15-JAN-84 2334.78 2344.78 4322.78
5 New York 30-JUL-87 4322.78 2334.78 7897.78
6 New York 31-DEC-90 7897.78 4322.78 1234.56
7 Toronto 25-JUL-96 1234.56 7897.78 1232.78
8 Vancouver 17-SEP-96 1232.78 1234.56
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
Use lag over and lead over in inner statement
SQL>
SQL> create table pages(
2 page_id number,
3 seq number )
4 /
Table created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 1, 10 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 2, 20 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 3, 30 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 4, 40 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 5, 25 );
1 row created.
SQL> select * from ( select lag( page_id, 1, null )
2 over ( order by seq ) prev,
3 page_id,
4 lead( page_id, 1, null )
5 over ( order by seq ) next
6 from pages )
7 where page_id = 3
8 /
PREV PAGE_ID NEXT
---------- ---------- ----------
5 3 4
SQL> drop table pages;
Table dropped.
Use lag over in inner query
SQL> create table pages(
2 page_id number,
3 seq number )
4 /
Table created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 1, 10 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 2, 20 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 3, 30 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into pages values ( 4, 40 );
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL>
SQL> select *
2 from ( select lag( page_id, 1, null )
3 over ( order by seq ) prev,
4 page_id,
5 lead( page_id, 1, null )
6 over ( order by seq ) next
7 from pages )
8 where page_id = 3
9 /
PREV PAGE_ID NEXT
---------- ---------- ----------
2 3 4
SQL> drop table pages;
Table dropped.