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== Birthday before 1940==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE employee (
2 id number,
3 name varchar(100),
4 birth_date date,
5 gender varchar2(30) );
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO employee (id,name,birth_date,gender )VALUES (100,"J",to_date("19230823", "YYYYMMDD"),"MALE" );
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT name
2 FROM employee
3 WHERE birth_date < to_date("19400101", "YYYYMMDD")
4 ORDER BY name;
NAME
----------------------------------------------------------------------
J
1 row selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table employee;
Table dropped.
SQL></source>

== Catch exception from to_date function==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> DECLARE
2 bad_date EXCEPTION;
3 PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (bad_date, -01843);
4 BEGIN
5 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (TO_DATE ("13/13/99", "MM/DD/YY"));
6 EXCEPTION
7 WHEN bad_date
8 THEN
9 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE("Just twelve months in a year...");
10 END;
11 /
Just twelve months in a year...
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL></source>

== DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("1/1"));==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> BEGIN
2
3 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("1/1"));
4
5 END;
6 /
END;
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-01843: not a valid month
ORA-06512: at line 3

SQL></source>

== DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("1/1/1"))==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> BEGIN
2
3 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("1/1/1"));
4
5 END;
6 /
END;
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-01843: not a valid month
ORA-06512: at line 3

SQL>
SQL></source>

== DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("12-APR-09"));==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> BEGIN
2
3 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("12-APR-09"));
4
5 END;
6 /
12-APR-09
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL></source>

== DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("19991205"));==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> BEGIN
2
3 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("19991205"));
4
5 END;
6 /
END;
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-01861: literal does not match format string
ORA-06512: at line 3

SQL>
SQL></source>

== DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("6/1996"));==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL> BEGIN
2
3 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("6/1996"));
4
5 END;
6 /
END;
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-01843: not a valid month
ORA-06512: at line 3

SQL>
SQL>
SQL></source>

== Specifying a Datetime Format for TO_DATE() function==

Aspect
Parameter Description
Example
Century
CC
Two-digit century.
21
Century
SCC
Two-digit century with a negative sign (C) for B.C.
-10
Quarter
Q
One-digit quarter of the year.
1
Year
YYYY
All four digits of the year.
2006
Year
IYYY
All four digits of the ISO year.
2006
Year
RRRR
All four digits of the rounded year, which depends on the current year.
2006
Year
SYYYY
All four digits of the year with a negative sign (C) for B.C.
C1001
Year
Y,YYY
All four digits of the year with a comma.
2,006
Year
YYY
Last three digits of the year.
006
Year
IYY
Last three digits of the ISO year.
006
Year
YY
Last two digits of the year.
06
Year
IY
Last two digits of the ISO year. 06
Year
RR
Last two digits of the rounded year, which depends on the current year.
06
Year
Y
Last digit of the year.
6
Year
I
Last digit of the ISO year.
6
Year
YEAR
Name of the year in uppercase.
TWO THOUSAND-SIX
Year
Year
Name of the year with the first letter in uppercase.
Two Thousand-Six
Month
MM
Two-digit month of the year.
01
Month
MONTH
Full name of the month in uppercase, right-padded with spaces to a total length of nine characters.
JANUARY
Month
Month
Full name of the month with first letter in uppercase, right-padded with spaces to a total length of nine characters.
January
Month
MON
First three letters of the name of the month in uppercase.
JAN
Month
Mon
First three letters of the name of the month with the first letter in uppercase.
Jan
Month
RM
Roman numeral month.
The Roman numeral month for the fourth month (April) is IV.
Week
WW
Two-digit week of the year.
02
Week
IW
Two-digit ISO week of the year.
02
Week
W
One-digit week of the month.
2
Day
DDD
Three-digit day of the year.
103
Day
DD
Two-digit day of the month.
31
Day
D
One-digit day of the week.
5
Day
DAY
Full name of the day in uppercase.
SATURDAY
Day
Day
Full name of the day with the first letter in uppercase.
Saturday
Day
DY
First three letters of the name of the day in uppercase.
SAT
Day
Dy
First three letters of the name of the day with the first letter in uppercase.
Sat
Day
J
Julian day-the number of days that have passed since January 1, 4713 B.C.
2439892
Hour
HH24
Two-digit hour in 24-hour format.
23
Hour
HH
Two-digit hour in 12-hour format.
11
Minute
MI
Two-digit minute.
57
Second
SS
Two-digit second.
45
Second
FF[1..9]
Fractional seconds with an optional number of digits to the right of the decimal point. Only applies timestamps,When dealing with 0.123456789 seconds, FF3 would round to 0.123.
Second
SSSSS
Number of seconds past 12 a.m.
46748
Second
MS
Millisecond (millionths of a second).
100
Second
CS
Centisecond (hundredths of a second).
10
Separators
-/,.;: "text"
Characters that allow you to separate the aspects of a date and time. You can supply freeform text in quotes as a separator.
When dealing with the date December 13, 1969, DD-MM-YYYY would produce 12-13-1969 and DD/MM/YYYY would produce 12/13/1969
Suffixes
AM or PM
AM or PM as appropriate.
AM
Suffixes
A.M. or P.M.
A.M. or P.M. as appropriate.
P.M.
Suffixes
AD or BC
AD or BC as appropriate.
AD
Suffixes
A.D. or B.C.
A.D. or B.C. as appropriate.
B.C.
Suffixes
TH
Suffix to a number. You can make the suffix uppercase by specifying the numeric format in uppercase and vice versa for lowercase.When dealing with a day number of 28, ddTH would produce 28th and DDTH would produce 28TH
Suffixes
SP
Number is spelled out.When dealing with a day number of 28, DDSP would produce TWENTY-EIGHT and ddSP would produce twenty-eight
Suffixes
SPTH
Combination of TH and SP.When dealing with a day number of 28, DDSPTH would produce TWENTY-EIGHTH and ddSPTH would produce twenty-eighth
Era
EE
Full era name for Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha calendars.
No example
Era
E
Abbreviated era name.
No example
Time zones
TZH
Time zone hour.
12
Time zones
TZM
Time zone minute.
30
Time zones
TZR
Time zone region.
PST
Time zones
TZD
Time zone with daylight savings information.
No example
Quote from:
Oracle Database 10g SQL (Osborne ORACLE Press Series) (Paperback)
# Paperback: 608 pages
# Publisher: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media; 1st edition (February 20, 2004)
# Language: English
# ISBN-10: 0072229810
# ISBN-13: 978-0072229813

== Specifying Times==

The time part of your datetime defaults to 00:00:00 A.M.
HH24:MI:SS, where:
<OL><LI>HH24 is a two-digit hour in 24-hour format from 00 to 23.</LI><LI>MI is a two-digit minute from 00 to 59.</LI><LI>SS is a two-digit second from 00 to 59.</LI></OL>



<source lang="sql">
SQL> Select TO_DATE("05-FEB-1968 19:32:36", "DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS") from dual;
TO_DATE("
---------
05-FEB-68</source>

== TO_CHAR(TO_DATE("04-JUL-15", "DD-MON-RR"), "DD-MON-YYYY")==



<source lang="sql">
SQL> SELECT
2 TO_CHAR(TO_DATE("04-JUL-15", "DD-MON-RR"), "DD-MON-YYYY"),
3 TO_CHAR(TO_DATE("04-JUL-55", "DD-MON-RR"), "DD-MON-YYYY")
4 FROM dual;
TO_CHAR(TO_ TO_CHAR(TO_
----------- -----------
04-JUL-2015 04-JUL-1955
SQL>
SQL></source>

== TO_DATE() converts the strings 04-JUL-2006 to the date July 4, 2006==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL> SELECT TO_DATE("04-JUL-2006"), TO_DATE("04-JUL-06") FROM dual;
TO_DATE(" TO_DATE("
--------- ---------
04-JUL-06 04-JUL-06
SQL></source>

== TO_DATE function to convert from characters to dates explicitly==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(LAST_DAY(TO_DATE("23SEP2006","ddMONyyyy"))) FROM dual;
TO_CHAR(L
---------
30-SEP-06
SQL></source>

== TO_DATE() with INSERT statement==



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values ("01","Jason", "Martin", to_date("19960725","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20060725","YYYYMMDD"), 1234.56, "Toronto", "Programmer")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("02","Alison", "Mathews", to_date("19760321","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19860221","YYYYMMDD"), 6661.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("03","James", "Smith", to_date("19781212","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19900315","YYYYMMDD"), 6544.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("04","Celia", "Rice", to_date("19821024","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19990421","YYYYMMDD"), 2344.78, "Vancouver","Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("05","Robert", "Black", to_date("19840115","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980808","YYYYMMDD"), 2334.78, "Vancouver","Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("06","Linda", "Green", to_date("19870730","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19960104","YYYYMMDD"), 4322.78,"New York", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("07","David", "Larry", to_date("19901231","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("19980212","YYYYMMDD"), 7897.78,"New York", "Manager")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, End_Date, Salary, City, Description)
2 values("08","James", "Cat", to_date("19960917","YYYYMMDD"), to_date("20020415","YYYYMMDD"), 1232.78,"Vancouver", "Tester")
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL></source>

== TO_DATE(x[, format]) converts the x string to a datetime==

You can provide an optional format string to indicate the format of x.
The default format is DD-MON-YYYY or DD-MON-YY.
13. 21. TO_DATE
13. 21. 1.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/SpecifyingaDatetimeFormatforTODATEfunction.htm">Specifying a Datetime Format for TO_DATE() function</a>
13. 21. 2.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/UsingtheYYFormat.htm">Using the YY Format</a>
13. 21. 3.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/UsingtheRRFormat.htm">Using the RR Format</a>
13. 21. 4.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/TOCHARTODATE04JUL15DDMONRRDDMONYYYY.htm">TO_CHAR(TO_DATE("04-JUL-15", "DD-MON-RR"), "DD-MON-YYYY")</a>
13. 21. 5.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/TODATEfunctiontoconvertfromcharacterstodatesexplicitly.htm">TO_DATE function to convert from characters to dates explicitly</a>
13. 21. 6.
TO_DATE(x[, format]) converts the x string to a datetime
13. 21. 7.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/TODATEconvertsthestrings04JUL2006tothedateJuly42006.htm">TO_DATE() converts the strings 04-JUL-2006 to the date July 4, 2006</a>
13. 21. 8.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/SpecifyingTimes.htm">Specifying Times</a>
13. 21. 9.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/TODATEwithINSERTstatement.htm">TO_DATE() with INSERT statement</a>
13. 21. 10.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/DBMSOUTPUTPUTLINETODATE11.htm">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("1/1"));</a>
13. 21. 11.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/DBMSOUTPUTPUTLINETODATE61996.htm">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("6/1996"));</a>
13. 21. 12.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/DBMSOUTPUTPUTLINETODATE12APR09.htm">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("12-APR-09"));</a>
13. 21. 13.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/DBMSOUTPUTPUTLINETODATE19991205.htm">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("19991205"));</a>
13. 21. 14.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/DBMSOUTPUTPUTLINETODATE111.htm">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_DATE ("1/1/1"))</a>
13. 21. 15.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/Birthdaybefore1940.htm">Birthday before 1940</a>
13. 21. 16.
<A href="/Tutorial/Oracle/0260__Date-Timestamp-Functions/Catchexceptionfromtodatefunction.htm">Catch exception from to_date function</a>

== Using the RR Format==

If your date format is RR and you supply the last two digits of a year, the first two digits of your year are determined using the two-digit year you supply (your supplied year) and the last two digits of the present date on your database server (the present year). The rules used to determine the century of your supplied year are as follows:
<OL><LI>Rule 1 If your supplied year is between 00 and 49 and the present year is between 00 and 49, the century is the same as the present century. Therefore, the first two digits of your supplied year are set to the first two digits of the present year. For example, if your supplied year is 15 and the present year is 2005, your supplied year is set to 2015.</LI><LI>Rule 2 If your supplied year is between 50 and 99 and the present year is between 00 and 49, the century is the present century minus 1. Therefore, the first two digits of your supplied year are set to the present year"s first two digits minus 1. For example, if your supplied year is 75 and the present year is 2005, your supplied year is set to 1975.</LI><LI>Rule 3 If your supplied year is between 00 and 49 and the present year is between 50 and 99, the century is the present century plus 1. Therefore, the first two digits of your supplied year are set to the present year"s first two digits plus 1. For example, if your supplied year is 15 and the present year is 2075, your supplied year is set to 2115.</LI><LI>Rule 4 If your supplied year is between 50 and 99 and the present year is between 50 and 99, the century is the same as the present century. Therefore, the first two digits of your supplied year are set to the first two digits of the present year. For example, if your supplied year is 55 and the present year is 2075, your supplied year is set to 2055.</LI></OL>
Quote from:
Oracle Database 10g SQL (Osborne ORACLE Press Series) (Paperback)
# Paperback: 608 pages
# Publisher: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media; 1st edition (February 20, 2004)
# Language: English
# ISBN-10: 0072229810
# ISBN-13: 978-0072229813



<source lang="sql">
SQL>
SQL> SELECT
2 TO_CHAR(TO_DATE("04-JUL-15", "DD-MON-RR"), "DD-MON-YYYY"),
3 TO_CHAR(TO_DATE("04-JUL-75", "DD-MON-RR"), "DD-MON-YYYY")
4 FROM dual;
TO_CHAR(TO_ TO_CHAR(TO_
----------- -----------
04-JUL-2015 04-JUL-1975
SQL></source>

== Using the YY Format==

If you use the YYYY format but only supply a two-digit date, the date is interpreted using the YY format.
In this case, the century for your year is assumed to be the same as the present century currently set on your database server.
which means, first two digits of your supplied year are set to the first two digits of the present year.



<source lang="sql">
SQL> SELECT
2 TO_CHAR(TO_DATE("04-JUL-25", "DD-MON-YY"), "DD-MON-YYYY"),
3 TO_CHAR(TO_DATE("04-JUL-85", "DD-MON-YY"), "DD-MON-YYYY")
4 FROM dual;
TO_CHAR(TO_ TO_CHAR(TO_
----------- -----------
04-JUL-2025 04-JUL-2085
SQL></source>

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